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Utility Rates, Grid, and Markets

VPPA

Virtual Power Purchase Agreement is a financial contract for differences tied to a generation project rather than physical delivery to the buyer's meter. It can support renewable procurement but does not by itself solve local capacity or interconnection constraints.

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Transmission

Transmission is the high-voltage movement of bulk power across longer distances from generation or interchange points toward load centers. Transmission constraints are often the limiting factor for large-load data center growth.

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Sales tax exemption

Sales tax exemption removes sales or use tax from qualifying purchases, such as servers, enabling software, electrical equipment, or construction materials depending on state rules. Data center exemptions often require investment, job, wage, or MOU commitments.

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GPU cluster

GPU cluster is a group of graphics processing units connected for AI, machine learning, or high-performance computing workloads. Cluster scale affects rack density, network topology, latency, cooling, and power ramp requirements.

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